From: Do high-skill immigrants raise productivity? Evidence from Israeli manufacturing firms, 1990-1999
 | Low-tech | Medium-low tech | Medium-high tech | High-tech | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | 1990 | 1993 | 1997 | 1990 | 1993 | 1997 | 1990 | 1993 | 1997 | 1990 | 1993 | 1997 |
Number of firms | 990 | 1,061 | 832 | 629 | 703 | 655 | 305 | 324 | 284 | 152 | 166 | 179 |
Total Employment | 129,215 | 145,976 | 137,841 | 74,353 | 91,446 | 109,470 | 51,030 | 48,904 | 49,768 | 40,018 | 46,916 | 56,555 |
Average years of Schooling | 10.63 | 11.01 | 11.68 | 11.37 | 11.82 | 12.27 | 11.81 | 12.53 | 12.62 | 13.27 | 14.00 | 14.26 |
Percentage Scientists | - | 0.53% | 1.27% | - | 2.43% | 3.51% | - | 6.45% | 8.15% | - | 23.43% | 31.99% |
Percentage of firms doing R&D | - | 0.59% | 0.04% | - | 0.96% | 0.54% | - | 4.46% | 4.26% | - | 16.05% | 21.03% |