Is the lower return to immigrants’ foreign schooling a postarrival problem in Canada?

Table 7 OLS estimates of weekly wage earnings—2006

	(1) Native-born		(2) Immigrants—CE		(3) Immigrants–FE
	Coef.	P > \|z\|	Coef.	P > \|z\|	Coef.	P > \|z\|
Degrees
Trades	Base		Base		Base
Registered apprenticeship	0.0437	0.000	0.0109	0.480	−0.0511	0.022
College—less than 1 year	−0.0053	0.551	−0.024	0.179	−0.1999	0.543
College—1 to 2 years	0.0357	0.000	0.0166	0.280	−0.0265	0.174
College—more than 2 years	0.0787	0.000	0.0549	0.001	−0.0156	0.399
University—below bachelor’s	0.1039	0.000	0.0628	0.004	0.0283	0.191
Bachelor’s	0.1819	0.000	0.1471	0.000	0.0433	0.052
Above bachelor’s less than Master’s	0.2234	0.000	0.1861	0.000	0.0802	0.002
Medicine, dentistry, veterinary, optometry	0.1080	0.071	0.1833	0.007	0.0698	0.244
Master’s	0.3061	0.000	0.2347	0.000	0.0640	0.032
PhD	0.4808	0.000	0.4356	0.000	0.2547	0.001
Observations	1,228,448		219,417		150,183

Notes: (1) The dependent variable is log weekly wage. (2) Standard errors are adjusted at occupation and field of study cells by using the two-way clustering method (Cameron et al. 2011). (3) All equations also control for age, age square, marital status, disability, visible minority status, primary earner status, spoken language (only English, only French, bilingual, others), regional fixed effects for 10 provinces, location of study fixed effects at 10 categories, field of study fixed effects at 1375 categories, and occupation fixed effects at 520 categories. (4) The equations also include industry fixed effects at 21 categories. However, results do not change significantly when industry fixed effects are excluded. (5) “CE” and “FE” denote Canadian-educated and foreign-educated. (5) Immigrants’ age is decomposed to years since migration and before migration. (6) Information on years in education is not available in the 2006 Census. Therefore, we have to use age as a proxy to control work experience